Sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens Jack.) has been used traditionally to cure various diseases for humans. This research aimed to determine the immunostimulant effect of sungkai leaf extract using the carbon clearance method, the total of leukocyte cells, and the percentage of leukocyte cell types....

Olive leaf (Olea europeae) contains the primary polyphenols: oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, luteolin 7-glucoside, apigenin 7-glucoside, and verbascoside. Empirically olive leaf is used for lowering blood sugar because it has antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the antihyperglycemic activity...

In vivo cytotoxic activity and acute toxicity test of ethanolic extract Voacanga foetida leave against male white mice was done. The in vivo cytotoxic activity used Micronucleus Assay Method while the acute toxicity used LD50 Test and Delay Toxicity Method. The micronucleus assay of V. foetida ethanol...

Breast cancer is excessive cell proliferation that attacks the breast tissue. Breast cancer is a problem that requires serious attention, especially for women. Breast cancer is currently the first cause of death in women in the world. Nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy is one of the side effects...

Traditionally, dasun tunggal and garlic (Allium sativum) have been widely used as immunomodulators. Therefore, scientific research is needed to support this traditional use. The first step that needs to be done is to see the cytotoxic effect of the ethanol extract of dasun tunggal and garlic on raw 264.7...

The childbearing age for women is the period when their reproductive organs are still active, so that is when women can give birth to children. Many factors can affect women’s health conditions during this fertile age, including blood sugar and hemoglobin levels. These two factors are very important...

Tomatoes are rich in lycopene; a strong antioxidant and a potential sunscreen agent. The use of tomatoe ‘s extract is limited as functional foods, not much as cosmeceutical raw materials. This study aims to optimize the formulation of sunscreen cream of purified tomato extract and to evaluate the sunscreen...

To continue the study of Sumatran lichen, six species of the genus Cladonia were screened for phytochemicals and their antibacterial bioactivity. The procedure included sequential extraction (semi polar solvent), antibacterial activity tests using the agar diffusion method, and microdilution to determine...

Jackfruit leaves extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) which contained flavonoid as an antioxidant was unstable and sensitive to environmental conditions. Preparation of nanoparticles loaded jackfruit leaf extract aimed to increase the antioxidant activity through optimal delivery system and maintain...

Sidaguri plant is a wild and potential plant that is promoted as a good challenging medicinal plant in the future. However, information related to the diversity of these plants in Indonesia has not been widely exposed, and there are several species of this sidaguri found in Indonesia that are still unknown...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and spreads to other organs. Most patients suffer from chronic pain, tissue damage, deformity and can cause risks of mortality. The disease requires long-term and regular treatment to achieve optimal therapeutic results....

Indonesia, especially the Kepulauan Riau, has very wide marine waters, and is rich in natural resources and marine biota diversity. One of the marine biota that has the potential to be developed is the marine sponge as an anti-inflammatory because it contains the flavonoid compound which is able to inhibit...

Spraying disinfectant all over the body in the disinfection room is being used to prevent the spread of the SARS- CoV-2 as the cause of the Covid-19 disease. Due to chemical disinfectants have high toxicity to the body, a relatively safe natural disinfectant is needed. The purposes of this study were...

A peptic ulcer is an inflammation of the stomach wall that can cause wounds in the gastric mucosa. Consumption of aspirin over therapeutic doses can cause injury to the stomach. Propolis is known to have an effect to protect stomach damage. This study aims to find out the effect of propolis on male white...

Fenofibric acid is an active form of fenofibrate which has an antihyperlipidemic effect. Fenofibric acid belongs to BCS class II, which has low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this study was to form multicomponent crystal of fenofibric acid and saccharin that can increase the solubility...

The antihyperlipidemia activity of ethyl acetate fraction from Melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) against white male wistar rats induced by propylthiouracil has been carried out. Wistar male rats were divided into six groups, which are a normal, a positive control, a negative control, and the other three...

Early 2020, a new type of virus emerged, namely the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Covid-19 appeared in Wuhan City, and on March 2th, 2020, it was officially announced that Indonesia had 2 cases of this virus. The Covid-19 cases in Indonesia have...

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease commonly associated with progressive disability and systemic complications. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation and synovial hyperplasia, production of autoantibodies, and destruction of bone and cartilage. One of the assessments of rheumatoid...

Citrus species are among the plants that generate essential oils, which include a variety of chemical components with antibacterial properties. Citrus x aurantiifolia is one of the citrus types developed by a cross between lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and lemon (Citrus hystrix). The purpose of this study...

Worldwide, oral analgesics are the most widely used drugs with prevalence ranging from 7% up to 35% in various countries. Naturally, this is accompanied by a high level of rationality of use as well. This study aims to evaluate the rationale of administering analgesic drugs and evaluate the level of...

The process of episiotomy surgery during childbirth results in injury and pain in the perineum. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the topical combination of cinnamon oil and red betel extract on the healing process of episiotomy incision model in Swiss mice. The research subjects were divided...

Tetraprenyltoluquinone is a compound that was successfully isolated from the hexane fraction of stem bark Garcinia cowa, Roxb. In previous studies, tetraprenyltoluquinone is known to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of tetraprenyltoluquinone...

Pharmacists have a role in reducing maternal mortality in 2030 to less than 70 per 100.000 live births. One of the causes of maternal mortality is anemia in pregnancy. The study objective was to assess the determinant factor and effect of solution-focused brief counseling (SFBC) by pharmacists to decrease...

Natural detoxification can be obtained by using Habatussaudah which has the ability to increase the natural excretion of toxins from our body. To increase the ability of facial wash gel, activated charcoal palm shell in terms of absorption of toxins, it was further developed with the addition of Habatussaudah...

Essential oil is one type of vegetable oil with many benefits, with the main characteristics of being volatile and having a distinctive aroma. In addition, the essential oil from kaffir lime has been reported to have various bioactivities: antioxidant, antibacterial, antileukemic, and antitussive. This...

Pain is a sense of discomfort and accompanied by pain due to cell damage to the body. Pain can be overcome with the use of modern medicine and folk remedies. One of the plants that are suspected to be analgesics is the sisik naga leaf (Drymoglossum sp.). This test aims to find out the analgesic effect...

Background: Hemodialysis is a process in renal replacement function. Comorbid is one of the contributing factors for the high mortality among hemodialysis patients. Objective: To determine the correlation between comorbidities and duration of HD treatment and the effect of HD treatment duration on mortality...

The leaves of the pidada merah (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) are traditionally used by the people of Borneo as a composition of chilly powder. They are used by applying it to the face when doing outdoor activities exposure for a long period of time. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity, and...

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease caused by a deficiency or insufficient insulin that increases the levels of blood glucose. Diabetes Mellitus causes several complications that can increase the numbers of mortality. SNP rs4506565 Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene reported to be strongly...

Caffeic acid is a polyphenol compound with low solubility in water. This study aims to prepare and characterize multi-component crystals of caffeic acid, using tromethamine as a coformer, to enhance the dissolution rate without lessening its antioxidant effect. Multi-component crystals were prepared...

Melastoma malabathricum L. leaves is a traditional plant native to tropical Asia, subtropical, and Pacific islands. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) against bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes,and Klebsiella pneumonia. Method of extraction...

Breast cancer is the second-highest cancer case in the world. One of the causes of cancer is oxidative stress by free radicals. Antioxidants are free radical neutralizing compounds that can prevent cancer. Leaves extract of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb) has been shown to have breast cancer and antioxidant...

Public awareness about the side effects of chemical drugs has increased in recent years. This has resulted in the rapid use of natural ingredients as medicine. Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in the world. A large number of people with diabetes and the high level of need for drugs...

The spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) virus has caused the COVID-19 pandemic for more than a year. Daily cases in Indonesia keep increasing following the high mortality rate, entitling it as the epicentre country of Asia. The government advises patients with mild symptoms to...

Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) and propolis showed a beneficial effect on infectious diseases. This study aims to examine the effect of gambier and propolis on the antibodies of white male mice given measles vaccine using the antibody titer method, number, and percentage of different types of leukocytes....

Vaccination is a prevention of transmission and spread and in order to establish herd immunity against the Covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia chose the Sinovac vaccine, which uses weakened viruses. The objective of the study was to measure the Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) 24-72 hours post-vaccination...

Effective management of diabetes therapy is a major challenge in the management of chronic conditions that are accompanied by comorbidities like dyslipidemia. The potential of unwanted events or Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) increases the emergence of comorbidities. This study aims to identify the correlation...

Peronema canescens leaves are one of the natural ingredients that have the potential to increase the immune system. This study determine the immunostimulant effect which identify the effectiveness of phagocytosis in killing pathogens using the carbon clearance method. The parameters that used in this...

Voacanga foetida (Bl) Rolfe (Apocynaceae) locally called Tampa Badak is a widely distributed plant in Indonesia. Indonesian people use this plant as a traditional medicine to treat infections, pain, diarrhea, itching, and swelling. VF-1 is an alkaloid compound that has been previously isolated from the...

African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) is one of the plants used as traditional medicine. Although natural, traditional medicinal ingredients are not necessarily safe for use in humans. In this study, a subacute toxicity test of Afrian leaves water fraction was carried out on male white mice. This...

Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) is a plant that is known to have various activities, one of which is immunostimulant. This study aims to determine whether gambir from Payakumbuh affects the viability and immunostimulant activity on RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study was conducted...

Essential oil is a volatile liquid with a pungent taste and aroma. The essential oil has been used since many years ago for many purpose including as antimicrobial agent. Javanese turmeric reported containing essential oil. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify chemical profiling of essential...

Indonesia is ranked as one of the top ten countries with higher diabetes mellitus cases in 2019. In total, International Diabetes Federation recorded 10.7 million diabetes mellitus cases in 2019. Many researchers reported that diabetes mellitus type 2 could be controlled and managed with diet. Since...

Pneumonia is the highest cause of death in the world. The presence of COVID-19 can worsen the patient’s condition. One of the causes of pneumonia is Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics. In this case, an alternative treatment is needed. Caesalpinia sappan, based on pre-clinical...

Ginger (Zingiber officinale), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-nausea/antiemetic, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic effects. Red ginger rhizome has been used as a spice, culinary flavoring, and herbal medicine. Our research shows...

Citrus is a plant that has many health benefits and has been widely reported for its pharmacological effects. One of the citrus that has been reported to have antibacterial activity is calamansi (Citrus microcarpa Bunge). This study aims to determine the chemical content profile of the essential oil...

Usnic acid, a yellow crystalline of secondary metabolite of Usnea sp., has been known for its tremendous pharmacological activities including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to prepare membrane containing usnic acid and evaluate its effectiveness for burns healing....

Pharmacists play an important role in detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or any other drug related problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of pharmacists in the field of service...

This study aims to explore the source of antibacterial compounds from mangrove endophytic fungi. Nine fungi were isolated from the leaves, barks, and roots of mangrove Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba from West Sumatera, Indonesia. The fungal isolate was cultivated in rice for 4-6 weeks, and...

Nano pores in Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) has potential to be employed as a carrier to enhance solubility and dissolution. Addition of salt on surfactant solution enabling the SBA-15 synthesis process carried on room temperature instead of 35-50°C. Atorvastatin Ca, which belongs to Biopharmaceuticals...

Arabica coffee leaves and clove flowers are some of the plants that are used as traditional medicine. Both of these plants are known to have secondary metabolites that have stimulant activity. This study aims to determine the stimulant activity of a combination of coffee leaf extract (Coffea arabica...