All the articles in this proceedings volume have been presented at the 6th ICoNaP USU during 17-18 May 2023 in Medan Indonesia. These articles have been peer reviewed by the members of the Reviewer Committee and approved by the Editor-in-Chief, who affirms that this document is a truthful description...

Background Traumatic brain injury is a major public problem with an incidence of 10 million people annually, causing the most significant deaths and disabilities worldwide. Head injuries can be classified into primary and secondary head injuries. Secondary head injuries can be caused by...

Background Somatoform disorder is a disorder characterized by the presence of multiple symptoms that cannot be explained or proven as physical symptoms. Patients with this disorder often undergo examinations and consultations with various healthcare centres about their complaints [1]. Doctors...

Background Dementia in children is a rare case, which results in general neurocognitive decline that is chronic and progressive in the form of loss of skills after a period of normal development. Similar to adult neurodegenerative disorders, childhood dementia also exhibits cognitive deterioration,...

The pandemic is a dark era during which every aspect of society is disrupted. The pandemic has led to a decline in productivity for people of all ages. Among the working-age population, the pandemic results in reduced work productivity, affecting income levels. As teenagers, the impact of this pandemic...

Background Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is common throughout the world. Schizophrenia is estimated to occur in 24 million people or one in 3000 people (0.32%). In Indonesia, it is estimated that around 6.9% of family members have schizophrenia. Genetic and epidemiological studies...

Background Lower back pain (LBP) is a common health problem that can significantly impact the quality of life of an individual. Meanwhile, depression is a mental health disorder often associated with certain physical conditions. Several studies revealed a significant relationship between...

Background Schizophrenia is a severe brain disease with severe and persistent psychotic manifestations accompanied by dysfunction of cognitive and psychosocial variables. Numerous studies indicate that a mix of genetic and environmental variables may be responsible for the aetiology of...

Background Psychiatric settings often encounter pathological self-mutilation cases. It has associations with many mental conditions, including psychosis, drug addiction, mood disorders, intellectual impairment, and personality disorder. A well-known case of self-mutilation is Vincent Van...

Background Synthetic tobacco is a type of tobacco made from a mixture of chemicals. This mixture is then sprayed on pieces of leaves or tobacco cigarettes and then rolled like using marijuana by smoking. Its chemicals are deliberately artificially created to mimic the effects of marijuana...

Background Depression symptoms in parents during the pregnancy-to-postpartum period significantly impact their child’s cognitive, social, and behavioural development.1 Major depression with peripartum onset refers to depression occurring during the antepartum and postpartum period, up to...

Background Pornography addiction is the act of repeatedly seeing something that stimulates sexual desire and losing self-control to stop it. Today, with the rapid development of internet technology, teenagers find it easy to access pornographic sites and watch content that leads to pornography...

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that affects human psychosocial functioning. Approximately 24 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from this disorder, with the onset typically occurring in late adolescence or early twenties. People with Schizophrenia (PWS) have a higher risk...

Background Smartphones have become an essential device in everyday life in recent years; scientific impetus and the extraordinary evolution of technology have resulted in having to provide information in all subjects anytime and anywhere. Smartphones have grown in popularity among younger...

Background A genetic variation called the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) -2518 A/G polymorphism can affect a person's inflammatory response and MCP-1 gene expression. Several studies suggested this polymorphism to be potentially linked to the risk of developing schizophrenia,...

Background Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common psychological disorder that affects many new mothers worldwide. The prevalence of postpartum depression in Indonesia is around 23.8%, higher than the global average of 13%. Postpartum depression is believed to be associated with cultural...

Background Trichotillomania (TTM) and Onycothilomania are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as dermatological conditions categorized as obsessive-compulsive disorders. Based on DSM-5, OCRD (Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders) includes BFRB...

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotion, and behaviour. Although the exact causes are unknown, research suggests that genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development. Besides, the interleukin-4 (IL-4) 590 C/T...

Sexual health among older generations is still a major issue for individuals and couples. However, most people still believe that older adults are asexual. The reported prevalence of sexual problems in the elderly population was quite high, especially in postmenopausal women. For older women, menopause...

Background Cognitive, emotional, and behavioural symptoms of schizophrenia affect various areas of mental function. Schizophrenia is a mental condition. The lifetime prevalence of this condition ranges from 0.3% to 0.7%, with rates fluctuating depending on migration, urbanization, and socioeconomic...

Background: Russell’s sign is a condition commonly observed in individuals who intentionally induce vomiting and is characterized by the presence of calluses on the dorsum of the hand.1 This physical manifestation is a significant marker for mental illness and is primarily prevalent among patients diagnosed...

Background: Transsexualism is characterized as having desires or having undergone a social transition from Male to female or female to Male, accompanied by affirmation efforts. The affirmation process can be reversible (clothing, hair, makeup, puberty barrier), partially reversible (estradiol or testosterone),...

Background: One of the most frequent emotional disorders in children is Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), which can lead to poorer mental and physical health and is estimated at 50% of anxiety disorders. But based on the facts, many adults think that many symptoms of SAD are normal. When suffering from...

Background: The main factor contributing to coronary heart disease (CHD), the world's biggest killer, is the buildup of plaque in the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart muscle. CHD continues to be a serious health issue with socioeconomic effects because it causes a decline in physical and...

Background: Cognitive impairment is a prevalent manifestation observed in people with schizophrenia and holds significant value in predicting the clinical and functional prognosis of the disease. Even though cognitive deficits are not the primary diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia, they can exacerbate...

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide and is associated with anxiety in over 40% of patients due to social factors, such as education level, occupation, and socioeconomic status. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics...

A 70-year-old man visited a psychiatric clinic with persistent visual hallucinations for the past year and a half. Initially, the patient perceived black spots, which would disappear upon closing his eyes and give way to images of a man and an animal. This old man underwent a comprehensive cognitive...

Background: Oxidative stress has been implicated as a part of the pathophysiological mechanisms of Schizophrenia. Oxidative stress occurs due to the imbalance of antioxidants and oxidants. Glutathione is one of the primary antioxidants that contribute to the oxidative-stress-preventable mechanism. The...

Ethosomes are innovative lipid-based vesicular systems containing relatively high concentrations of phospholipids, ethanol, and relatively high air. The presence of phospholipids and ethanol can enhance the permeation and penetration of the drug more profoundly into the skin layers. This study aimed...

Background: An individual with chronic osteoarthritis (OA) is known to experience depressive symptoms frequently. Furthermore, OA is one of the most common conditions that cause disability, particularly in the elderly. Around 10% of individuals above 55 years old with knee OA experience severe disability....

Postictal psychosis (PIP) is a type of peri-ictal psychosis. PIP was defined as a psychotic episode that begins less than one week after the epileptic seizure, especially the focal seizure group with disturbance of consciousness with or without evolution to generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTC). In...

Background: Breast cancer is The most frequent cancer among women worldwide. According to the American Psychiatric Association, diagnosed patients will develop traumatic stressors that could interfere with performance, such as work and social function. History of treatment such as radiotherapy, surgery,...

Background: Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia are hypertension in pregnancy that affect multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system. Seizures or loss of consciousness are the most common complications that change the diagnosis of preeclampsia to Eclampsia. The neuropsychiatric complications...