Teeth and mouth are a lifetime health investments for human. Various disease and anomaly of the teeth and mouth may impair the function of oral cavity; one of them is malocclusion, anomaly of the alignment of the teeth. Teeth in good position relative to the arch not only support the health of oral cavity,...

Malocclusion is a form of occlusion that is irrelevant to the acceptable normal standard form of occlusion. Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) is a malocclusion index that has been accepted and used by WHO as a simple and valid method. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of dental perception...

Local anesthetics are very commonly used in dental extraction procedures. Local anesthetics are performed to relieve pain locally in an anesthetic region for a short period. Lidocaine is one type of local anaesthesia that is often used in the field of dentistry. Infiltration anaesthesia is the most common...

Xerostomia is one of the most common complications caused by head and neck cancer radiotherapy. Radiation caused the structure of the salivary glands change thus the saliva production was reduced. This can significantly affect the quality of life of the patients by changing physical, psychological and...

Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingiva due to an accumulation of bacterial plaque that can cause periodontal structural damage. In general, to diagnose gingivitis involves clinical measurements and radiographic assessment which are often poorly tolerated by the patients and are also subjected to...

Anxiety is the signal and phenomenon of a threat that can be divided into mild, moderate, severe, and very severe anxiety based on its level. Anxiety can cause pathological changes in the body including the oral cavity. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is one of the disorders in oral cavity that can be affected...

Severe Early Childhood Caries (SECC) is progressive tooth decay with multifactorial etiology, which one of them is saliva. Salivary flow, pH, salivary buffer capacity are critical factors for developmental regulation and regression of the caries process. It is mandatory to comprehend the salivary characteristics...

The objective of this study is to construct and validate a questionnaire regarding the assessment of perceived confidence, attitude and knowledge of dental undergraduates in handling medical emergencies in dental practice. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 82 dentists and clinical staff practicing...

Acute (primary) herpetic gingivostomatitis (AHGS) is the most common form of HSV-1 infection in the oral cavity. These infections are reported mostly in children, usually localized and asymptomatic but in adult patients and immunocompromised conditions tend to be more severe, last longer, and can lead...

Canting dentoalveolar is the slope of the teeth in the occlusal plane that is appears to everyone with different level. The sample was 60 adults were divided into three groups: 20 people skeletal Class I, 20 people skeletal Class II, and 20 people skeletal Class III. Canting dentoalveolar take from Nasal...

Tooth extraction is a treatment of choice in the tooth size discrepancy cases in order to achieve appropriate alignment, angulation, and inclination of the teeth. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of premolar extraction on overall Bolton ratio in Class III malocclusion. Samples...

Geographic tongue is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder resulting in the local loss of filiform papillae, which is present as erythematous patches with serpiginous borders resembling a map. The etiopathogenesis of geographic tongue is unknown. Geographic tongue has been postulated to be an oral variant...

Plaque induced gingival disease is the result of an interaction between the microorganisms found in the dental plaque biofilm and the tissues and inflammatory cells of the host. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the first protection for tissues of the mouth and body. At the time of bacterial phagocytes,...

Prolong teeth loss due to dental extraction causes interference with the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), speech impairment and psychological aspects of aesthetics. For the fulfillment of general, dental and oral health, denture is needed to maintain necessary function of chewing. Generally, after tooth...

External resorption and open apex are pathological conditions which can occur due to chronic inflammation after a dental trauma. In order to stop the pathological conditions, surgical correction and apexification is performed. New calcium silicate-based materials are used as new variety of Mineral Trioxide...

Down syndrome often causes several dental anomalies, such as hypodontia, taurodontia and microdontia. This research aims to determine the prevalence of some dental anomalies in Down syndrome individuals using panoramic radiographs of students in Pembina disable school Medan. As many as 12 subjects with...

Tooth extraction is always followed by wound healing process. Macrophage plays role as a phagocytosis cells, inducing granulation tissue formation, re-epitelisation and angiogenesis process. Avocado (Persea americana) is a tropical fruits due to flavonoids contained has many benefits like provide immunostimulatory...

Accurate assessment of the tooth length of maxillary incisor determines the success and prognosis of an endodontic treatment outcome. Periapical radiography is a method that can be used in determining the tooth length. This study was done to determine the average of the tooth length of maxillary incisors...

Periodontitis has been defined as the presence of gingival inflammation at sites where there has been a pathological detachment of collagen fibers from cementum, the junctional epithelium has migrated apically, and bone loss can be detected radiographically. One of the factors, thought to be responsible...

Bagasse is a residual of sugarcane which has experienced five times of extortion. Bagasse has been researched and it can be used as a fiber for material outside the field of dentistry. Fiber that most often used in dentistry is an Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene fiber (UHMWPE). Most often fiber...

According to AAP (2008), children with special health care needs were defined as "children with any physical, developmental, mental, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, or emotional impairment or limiting condition that requires medical management, health care intervention, and/or specialized services or...

Platelet-Rich Plasma already used by oral surgeon and periodontics due to enhance the bone remodels. Orthodontic tooth movement affects bone remodeling process, bone resorption on the pressure side and new bone formation on the tension side. This is the objective of this research, to observe the effect...

A female patient of 23 years old with skeletal Class III malocclusion (ANB -3°), crossbite anterior, prognated mandible (SNB 90°), proclination of upper anterior teeth (I : SN 121°), normal inclination of lower anterior teeth (I : MP 96°), counter-clockwise rotation mandible (MP:SN 23°). The patient...

The teeth, muscles (associated nerves) and joints are considered as an interdependent unit in neuromuscular dentistry component. The embryonic development of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) differs considerably from other synovial joints. Condylar cartilage is an important site of mandibular growth...

Mandibular asymmetry presents a problem when disruption in the balance of the size, shape and arrangement of facial tissue occurs. The highest growth potential of the mandible is in the condyle region and may affect the growth pattern of the mandible. The aim of this study is to analyze the vertical...

Caries in children under 6 years old (Early Childhood Caries) is still a major oral health problems in many countries. The high prevalence of ECC should be prevented immediately based on the cause of caries. Saliva is one of the factors that play role in dental caries process, also play a role as caries...

The identification of the onset of pubertal growth phase in growing patients is very important for orthodontists to determine orthodontic treatment planning and timing. The timing of growth phase can be assessed using chronological age, skeletal age, physiological age, dental age and biomarkers. ALP...

The sella turcica is one of the commonly used orthodontic landmarks in determining and diagnosing various problems of the facial skeleton.The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica. Thus, various pathologies of this gland and developmental disorder of frontonasal and maxilla can change the morphology...

Mentawai islands of West Sumatra province have a fairly extensive coastal areas and stored wealth of the sea has high economic potential, one of which is Teripang (Sea cucumbers). Besides having a high nutritional value sea cucumbers also have antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. In the...

A complete dental record can be used in solving legal cases as well as forensic cases in dentistry. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia has established a minimum standard of filling dental records. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the completeness of the contents of dental records...

The mandibular third molar impaction is a frequent case in dentistry. Various investigations are required prior to the removal of the mandibular third molar impaction, such as CBCT 3D radiography. This radiograph can provide optimum results for the investigation of mandibular third molar impaction. Case...

Maxillary sinus perforation is one of complication from tooth extraction that could create a connection between antrum and oral cavity (oroantral communication). The aim of this research is to determine the level of dentists' knowledge about the initial treatment to handle the sinus maxillary perforation...

One of the main objectives of orthodontic treatment is to improve dental and facial esthetics. The understanding of soft tissues of the face in relation to the dentoskeletal tissues is essential in esthetic orthodontic treatment. Study of soft tissue facial profile by photogrammetry provides better information...

Addition of reinforcing material to improve the mechanical properties of heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate is being developed. One of them is by adding nano-chitosan gel. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of nano-chitosan gel addition on the impact strength of heat-polymerized polymethyl...

Tooth extraction to overcome the functional and aesthetic outcomes has become an issue in orthodontic treatment. Tooth size discrepancy was determined through a Bolton analysis. Overall Bolton ratio has changed after the tooth extraction, and affected by different extraction. The aim is to determine...

Trauma from occlusion and periodontitis are two factors that result in periodontal destruction. Many researches about the relationship between trauma from occlusion and periodontitis have been discussed controversially since the 20th century. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of...

In lateral cephalometric analysis sometimes found a borderline results, its difficult to ascertain the jaw skeletal relationship, in this situation, taking into account the morphological variation and the sidelines of the tursika on cephalometric radiography are expected to help to determine whether...

Puskesmas is one of the most important public health service facilities in Indonesia. Tooth extraction is one of the dental clinic services provided in puskesmas. Tooth extraction is the process of removing a whole section of tooth along with its pathological tissue from the tooth socket and handling...

Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteriodes spp., Capnocytophaga spp., and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are bacteries that cause periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is treated by eliminating pathogen bacteries through scaling and systemic or local antibiotics. One of the local antibiotics that...

Enamel of the teeth is the hardest tissue in the human body which protects them. The composition of enamel is 94-96% inorganic, 1% organic, and 4-5% water. Discoloration of the enamel which may be caused by chemicals, medicine or trauma has a psychological impact in person, characterized by lack of self-confidence....

Heat cured acrylic resin has been used as dental prosthetic devices because of its excellent appearance, simple processing technique and easy repair. The absence of filler on acrylic resin causes limitation of flexural strength at the time of use. Fish scales can be used as filler to reinforce the acrylic...

One of the most common birth defects is cleft lip and palate. Infants with cleft lip and palate suffer from difficulty in feeding, due to lack of coordination between lips, tongue, and palate. This condition disrupts several functions including sucking, swallowing, aspiration and therefore inhibits infant's...

The gonial angle (mandibular angle) is a radiomorphometric index from the angle of the mandible, which is formed between the inferior border and the posterior border of the mandible. The mandible is one of the causes of various forms of malocclusion. This study was conducted to determine the changes...

Cephalometry is an essential diagnostic tool to obtain cranial radiograph that is necessary in complex assessment of cranium and orofacial. The cephalometric value is necessary in establishing a diagnosis and developing a comprehensive treatment plan. The standard cephalometric value could not be applied...

Lemongrass extract contains citral and geranial that act as the antibacterial property. The mechanism of citral that acts as antibacterial agent is the "hydrophobicity" characteristic that able to rip apart the mitochondria's lipid layer of the membrane cell. The alcohol compound can also cause the denaturation...

Ninety percent of malignant tumors that present in the mouth are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It may affect any anatomical site in the mouth, but most commonly found on the lip, ventral or lateral tongue and the floor of the mouth. These lesions are seen as red, white, red-white, exophytic, or ulcerative...

The most commonly used denture base material is heat cured acrylic resin. This material possesses chemical properties, such as color stability. Discoloration of the denture base can be caused by the use of disinfectant solution on daily basis. This is caused by the characteristic of acrylic resin which...

In orthodontics treatment, to obtain a good and stable occlusion, harmony between the combined mesiodistal width of maxillary teeth and that of mandibular teeth must be attempted. Extraction of premolar is routinely carried out as part of orthodontic treatment, but it can lead to the changes of the overall...

Hypodontia is defined as the absence of one to six teeth. There is high prevalence of hypodontia recorded in Malaysia (2.8%). This study aimed to identify any mutation of MSX1 in Malaysian family with hypodontia and its clinical finding. We re-examined 4 individuals from a family of the previous PAX9...

Skeletal Class III malocclusion is some of the most complex cases to treat. Currently, orthognathic surgery and orthodontic camouflage are the standard technique for treating this condition in fully growing patients. With skeletal Class III orthodontic patients camouflage can be used to treat milder...

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the purest form of coconut oil, essentially water-clear or colourless that consists mainly of medium chain saturated fatty acids. For over many decades, the biological properties of VCO have been widely explored and investigated due to their antimicrobial potentials. The large...

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disease characterized by regular, round or oval, painful ulcers with an erythematous border that recur on a regular basis on the nonkeratinized oral mucosae such as labial, buccal, alveolar, and ventral tongue mucosa. Different etiologies and...

In an orthodontic treatment, the labio-lingual movement of the anterior teeth is required to improve the sagittal relationship of the maxillary and mandibular arch in order to achieve a more harmonious profile. However, excessive force to the teeth movement could lead to iatrogenic effect, therefore...

The condyle position is important for the balance of the stomatognathic system. The changes of the condyle position from the normal position can cause Temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Malocclusions may cause condyle position changes at the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Treatment of skeletal class...

The acids of Citrus limon is believed to be able to brighten teeth, meanwhile whitening toothpaste is able to remove stain of the teeth. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of Citrus limon water and whitening toothpaste to teeth color changes. Fifteen female students of Dentistry Faculty...

Soft tissue analysis has always been an integral part of the diagnosis and planning of orthodontic treatment. Treatment plans in Class I malocclusions, with or without the extraction of the first four premolars are still debated, since the perceived premolar extraction effect will be "flattening face"....

Oral wound healing is a process that consists of three highly integrated and overlapping phases inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. These phases involve the interaction between many cells and growth factors that work together from the beginning of an injury to complete tissue formation...

One of the factors that related to biological aging in humans is genetic. The aging process can occur due to genetic accumulation and epigenetic modification that lead to progressive cellular damage and weakened tissue functions that causing limitation of abilities to maintain the balance/ homeostasis....

Cigarette smoking can be described as an activity where a person is enjoying the nicotine smoke produced from the burning tobacco. It contains 4800 chemical substances that are harmful to the body such as nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, which then cause changes to the oral cavity. One of the changes...

Currently, beauty and physical appearance is of a major concern for many people, along with the greater demands of aesthetics in the field of dentistry. Aesthetics of the gingival is one of the most important factors in the success of restorative dental care. The loss of the interdental papillae results...

Dentist's evaluation of complete denture differs from patient's evaluation. Dentists prioritize the clinical aspects of dentures, such as vertical dimension, aesthetic, stability and denture-bearing area while patients measures their satisfaction based on aspects, like aesthetic, mastication, comfort...

Odontectomy is one of the most common minor surgery performed in dentistry. Every patients will experience postoperative pain after odontectomy. Pain is subjective, each individual reports pain based on his/her own perception. The pain rating scale is used to measure the pain intensity of a patient....

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by interference of the immune system. There are several criteria to establish a diagnosis of this disease including oral mucosal lesions. Oral mucosa lesions are an important part because they can be the initial presentation of LE. The...

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammation disease which caused by bacteria in the periodontal tissues. The predisposing factors are smoking, stress and alcohol consumption. Smoking can deteriorate the dental health and increase the risk of gingivitis. Smoking may causes various diseases in oral cavities,...

Loss of one or several teeth can disturb the balance of the composition of the teeth in the arch that causes imbalance occlusion of teeth so that the teeth will receive a larger load. Stresses imposed by the structure of the temporomandibular joint is imbalance and would interfere with the function of...

Blind children are the children with weak eyesight or complete loss of vision. Limitation of vision affects their ability to gain knowledge regarding oral health which will affect their oral hygiene status. This aim of this research is to determine the difference in effectiveness of dental health education...

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) and Recurrent Intraoral Herpes (RIH) are the most common oral lesions found in dental practice. The diagnosis can be made based on patient's history and clinical examination. Due to similarity of size, shape, number, and location of these ulcers, however, it may be...

The progress of most caries process caused the root canal infection. Bacteria that dominated in root canal infection were Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteria that were 48%. This infection needed endodontic treatment. One of the influencing factors was microorganism. It can be eradicated by root canal irrigation....

The prevalence of malocclusion in Indonesia is high while dental health behaviour among adolescents especially towards malocclusion is inadequate whereas health services has not been satisfied. One of the most used index, Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need which consists of aesthetic component and dental...

Demineralization causes plaque calcium (Ca) to dissolve out from the enamel. Prolonged condition would allow enamel caries to worsen. To reverse the condition via remineralization, abundant of free available Ca and phosphorus (P) in the saliva are required. Thus, daily diet with high Ca and P content...

Smoking is one of the predisposing factors for oral candidiasis. The mechanism is possibly caused by chemical substances in cigarettes that can provide nutritionS for candida, local changes in epithelium that which leads to candida colonization, decreased antibodies in saliva and decreased salivary flow...

Increasing age, especially in postmenopausal women, shows a decline in anabolic hormones activity and an increase in anti-anabolic hormones activity. This causes bone resorption and may lead to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a degenerative disorder marked by decrease in bone mass because of imbalance...

Objective is to investigate the effectiveness of combining application of fluoride varnish with chewing cheese on white spot lesion remineralization. The research is a blinded quasi experimental study that was conducted on 521 occlusal white spot lesions (OWSL) of 69 dental students who were randomly...

Streptococcus mutans plays an important role in the pathogenesis of caries. This bacteria has virulence properties involve in the formation of biolm on tooth surface. Surface protein antigen peptide (SpaP) is one of the virulence properties of S. mutans that play role in adhesion of S. mutans to the...

One of the major problems of fixed orthodontic treatment is controlling the enamel demineralization that occurs around the bracket. RMGIC is a modified composite resin with anti caries-effect caused by fluoride release. This study aimed to determine the effect of anti caries RMGIC as an orthodontic adhesive...

The knowledge of the pulp anatomy plays an important role in the success of endodontic treatments. Mandibular molars have been reported with complex configuration canal anatomical, making them one of the most difficult teeth to manage endodontically. The aim of this study was to examine the root canal...

Class III malocclusion has a great variation of skeletal pattern in either the antero-posterior orvertical planes. If left untreated, Class III malocclusion in the growing children will become worse with age, presented by the growth of the mandible exceeding the growth of the maxilla.A male patient aged...

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the anteroposterior position of the lips against changes in the length and width of the dental arch in Class I malocclusion non extraction. The sample was 30 patients PPDGS Orthodontic clinic of FKG USU. The sample used was 30 before...

The present-day diet is astoundingly cariogenic, owing to the fact that high food intake with plenty of fermentable carbohydrates present in them. Classic regime against dental caries such as fluoride is often not able to cope with the resultant massive cariogenic challenge. Therefore, demands of alternatives...

Oral cancer detection is difficult in the early stages leading to high mortality rate of the disease. Therefore, a new method of early detection of oral carcinoma is required as treatment in the early stages is more effective at minimizing morbidity. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences...

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease, and the most common type of osteoporosis is involutional osteoporosis associated with aging and menopause. Estrogen deficiency in menopause and post-menopause is a major pathogenic factor in bone loss. Osteoporosis in the skeletal bone of the body also occurs...

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart is unable to pump adequate blood to organs and tissues, due to one-part failure so that there is blood pooling in the heart. CHF patient needs more attention by dentist, because oral focus infection can affect patient's heart condition. Furthermore,...

According to the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) the length of comprehensive orthodontic treatment can range from approximately 12 to 36 months, depending on treatment options and individual characteristics. One of the biggest challenges an adult orthodontic patient is the duration spent...

Obesity is one of the criteria of nutritional status parameters caused by the accumulation of fat that occurs gradually and influenced by many factors, one of which is the low of physical activity. Differences in nutritional status that occur in each individual leads to the differences in salivary secretion....

The main cause of chronic periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis that can be found in subgingival plaque. Porphyromonas gingivalis can be inhibited by probiotic product such as yoghurt. Yoghurt is a beverage from milk that proceed by fermentation with adding lactic acid bacteria. Yoghurt is usually...

Down Syndrome (DS) is type of mental disability caused by genetic disorder in chromosome 21. DS causes inability to maintain oral hygiene thus dental caries are commonly found in children with DS. Purpose of this research is to study the difference between caries experience and saliva condition and determine...