Proceedings of the 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023)
Conference: Proceedings of the 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023)
Date: 23-24 August 2023
Location: Sintok Kedah, Malaysia (Hybrid)
Website: https//uumilc.net/ Forewords Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera I am most grateful to Allah the Almighty for His abundant blessings which have granted us the privilege to gather together on the occasion of the 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023) organised by the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia. I would also like to extend a warm welcome to all the scholars, practitioners, and academicians in the field of law and society, both local and international, who have gathered here to actively engage in the UUMILC 2023. Your presence, paper presentations, and support are greatly appreciated. The future advancement in technologies and innovations demands our proactive response to the emergence of contemporary information technology (IT) and artificial intelligence (AI) that will dominate various aspects of our lives. This, in turn, would also affect other aspects such as the economy, society, and legal matters. One of the most intricate issues to address is the governance issue which involves making changes to procedural and legal mechanisms for decision-making. The responsible use of IT and AI requires effective governance and the establishment of reliable decision-making mechanisms. Thus, law, justice, and integrity are key foundations for the preservation of human rights, peace, and security that might be jeopardised if these innovations are not well-secured. The rule of law can only be established and sustained when all stakeholders maintain the principles of transparency, integrity, justice, and accountability. Hence, I would like to extend my utmost appreciation to all members of the organizing committee for their commendable leadership and efforts towards materialising this discussion on elements of law, justice, and integrity considering technological advancement and successfully bringing UUMILC 2023 to life. I would also like to extend my utmost gratitude and sincere appreciation to all participants, who have travelled from far and near to generously share their ideas, passion, and dedication towards the attainment of the objectives of UUMILC 2023. Thank you. Mohd Fo’ad Sakdan
Vice-chancellor Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera On behalf of the School of Law, College of Law, Government and International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, I am pleased to welcome all speakers, guests, researchers, and participants to the 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023) organised by the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia. The theme of this conference is “Reflecting on The Future: Advances in Law” which aims to highlight the importance of elements of law, justice, and integrity in innovating and adapting to current and new potential and advancement of human revolution especially in technologies. This revolution generates opportunities but at the same time creates challenges. Thus, appropriate frameworks and mechanisms should be inculcated to manifest justice and integrity in facing those challenges. Hence, I believe that UUMILC 2023 is a good occasion for all of us to discuss and put forward insights and solutions for the arising issues. Without a doubt, all the participants will be able to come out with innovative ideas and contribute towards the betterment. I really appreciate your willingness to participate and contribute to this conference and we look forward to benefitting from your insights. Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the organizing committees under the leadership of Associate Professor Dr Rohizan Halim for their dedication and tireless efforts in executing this conference and making it a success. I would also like to acknowledge the support from our sponsors for their commitment to investing in the prospective knowledge. Thank you. Zainal Amin Ayub
Dean Preface Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera I warmly welcome you to our 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023) organised virtually by the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia on 23 and 24 August 2023. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the speaker/collaborator. This conference aims to provide a valuable platform for intellectuals from various fields and disciplines to collectively contribute to the discussions and exchange of insights on the advances in the legal environment facing the future. It is my pleasure to have delegates from all over the world who come together to share their knowledge and experiences in their respective fields. The 12th UUMILC 2023 is a collection of Thirty-one (31) articles that assimilate a range of impactful and promising topics, spanning over AI topical themes, among others; Dispute Resolution, Constitutional Law, International Law, Women and Child Law, Environmental Policies and Planning Law. This 12th UUMILC 2023 brings forward an important theme that is “Reflecting on The Future: Advances in Law”. This theme illustrates the importance of elements of law, justice, and integrity which are an integral part of legal theorists and practitioners to innovate and adapt to potential new and current legal boundaries emerging in the borderless world today. Our future is full of promises and challenges in all areas. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in the world today, for example, entails major challenges in the judicial fraternity. With the advent of the Internet, many legal as well as human rights issues may arise that need to be addressed by society. The world becomes borderless hence outlining the margins for the jurisdiction becomes contentious. For instance, many complex issues emerge such as cyber securities vulnerabilities, intellectual property issues, international disputes, accountability, and many more. This environment should be harmonised so that the AI and Internet will not be manipulated to society’s disadvantage. Therefore, the law needs to adapt to this advancement to secure justice and integrity. It is hoped that the discussions in this conference will bring out the fruitful insights on the respective knowledge and experiences revolving around this theme. I believe that all delegates will have a good time here and undoubtedly benefit from this conference. It is hoped that the collaboration and networking of all delegates can be expanded for future professional growth and empowerment. Thank you once again for participating in our event. As academics and professionals, meetings and conferences can assist the development of our careers and enhance our knowledge from an in-depth perspective. These activities should be sustained despite the inevitable new norm we find ourselves adapting to, in the face of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, this is to ensure the continuous relevance of academics, foster collaboration between national and international partnerships, and identify effective ways to address the legal challenges faced by our societies. Thank you. Rohizan Halim
Director
Date: 23-24 August 2023
Location: Sintok Kedah, Malaysia (Hybrid)
Website: https//uumilc.net/ Forewords Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera I am most grateful to Allah the Almighty for His abundant blessings which have granted us the privilege to gather together on the occasion of the 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023) organised by the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia. I would also like to extend a warm welcome to all the scholars, practitioners, and academicians in the field of law and society, both local and international, who have gathered here to actively engage in the UUMILC 2023. Your presence, paper presentations, and support are greatly appreciated. The future advancement in technologies and innovations demands our proactive response to the emergence of contemporary information technology (IT) and artificial intelligence (AI) that will dominate various aspects of our lives. This, in turn, would also affect other aspects such as the economy, society, and legal matters. One of the most intricate issues to address is the governance issue which involves making changes to procedural and legal mechanisms for decision-making. The responsible use of IT and AI requires effective governance and the establishment of reliable decision-making mechanisms. Thus, law, justice, and integrity are key foundations for the preservation of human rights, peace, and security that might be jeopardised if these innovations are not well-secured. The rule of law can only be established and sustained when all stakeholders maintain the principles of transparency, integrity, justice, and accountability. Hence, I would like to extend my utmost appreciation to all members of the organizing committee for their commendable leadership and efforts towards materialising this discussion on elements of law, justice, and integrity considering technological advancement and successfully bringing UUMILC 2023 to life. I would also like to extend my utmost gratitude and sincere appreciation to all participants, who have travelled from far and near to generously share their ideas, passion, and dedication towards the attainment of the objectives of UUMILC 2023. Thank you. Mohd Fo’ad Sakdan
Vice-chancellor Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera On behalf of the School of Law, College of Law, Government and International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, I am pleased to welcome all speakers, guests, researchers, and participants to the 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023) organised by the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia. The theme of this conference is “Reflecting on The Future: Advances in Law” which aims to highlight the importance of elements of law, justice, and integrity in innovating and adapting to current and new potential and advancement of human revolution especially in technologies. This revolution generates opportunities but at the same time creates challenges. Thus, appropriate frameworks and mechanisms should be inculcated to manifest justice and integrity in facing those challenges. Hence, I believe that UUMILC 2023 is a good occasion for all of us to discuss and put forward insights and solutions for the arising issues. Without a doubt, all the participants will be able to come out with innovative ideas and contribute towards the betterment. I really appreciate your willingness to participate and contribute to this conference and we look forward to benefitting from your insights. Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the organizing committees under the leadership of Associate Professor Dr Rohizan Halim for their dedication and tireless efforts in executing this conference and making it a success. I would also like to acknowledge the support from our sponsors for their commitment to investing in the prospective knowledge. Thank you. Zainal Amin Ayub
Dean Preface Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera I warmly welcome you to our 12th UUM International Legal Conference 2023 (UUMILC 2023) organised virtually by the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia on 23 and 24 August 2023. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the speaker/collaborator. This conference aims to provide a valuable platform for intellectuals from various fields and disciplines to collectively contribute to the discussions and exchange of insights on the advances in the legal environment facing the future. It is my pleasure to have delegates from all over the world who come together to share their knowledge and experiences in their respective fields. The 12th UUMILC 2023 is a collection of Thirty-one (31) articles that assimilate a range of impactful and promising topics, spanning over AI topical themes, among others; Dispute Resolution, Constitutional Law, International Law, Women and Child Law, Environmental Policies and Planning Law. This 12th UUMILC 2023 brings forward an important theme that is “Reflecting on The Future: Advances in Law”. This theme illustrates the importance of elements of law, justice, and integrity which are an integral part of legal theorists and practitioners to innovate and adapt to potential new and current legal boundaries emerging in the borderless world today. Our future is full of promises and challenges in all areas. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in the world today, for example, entails major challenges in the judicial fraternity. With the advent of the Internet, many legal as well as human rights issues may arise that need to be addressed by society. The world becomes borderless hence outlining the margins for the jurisdiction becomes contentious. For instance, many complex issues emerge such as cyber securities vulnerabilities, intellectual property issues, international disputes, accountability, and many more. This environment should be harmonised so that the AI and Internet will not be manipulated to society’s disadvantage. Therefore, the law needs to adapt to this advancement to secure justice and integrity. It is hoped that the discussions in this conference will bring out the fruitful insights on the respective knowledge and experiences revolving around this theme. I believe that all delegates will have a good time here and undoubtedly benefit from this conference. It is hoped that the collaboration and networking of all delegates can be expanded for future professional growth and empowerment. Thank you once again for participating in our event. As academics and professionals, meetings and conferences can assist the development of our careers and enhance our knowledge from an in-depth perspective. These activities should be sustained despite the inevitable new norm we find ourselves adapting to, in the face of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, this is to ensure the continuous relevance of academics, foster collaboration between national and international partnerships, and identify effective ways to address the legal challenges faced by our societies. Thank you. Rohizan Halim
Director