Analysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels and Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Time between “Biosmart and Safe Bus” and Regular Bus Passengers
- DOI
- 10.2991/978-94-6463-132-6_14How to use a DOI?
- Keywords
- Biosmart and Safe Bus; TNF-α; nasal mucociliary clearance time (NMC)
- Abstract
Background: Buses are the most popular means of transportation and have the potential to spread the virus due to their high density in confined spaces, and poor air circulation. The application of the healthy triangle concept in the ‘BIOSMART AND SAFE BUS’ is an innovation by engineering the bus cabin environment in a ‘smart’ and ‘safe’ way. Exposure to pollutants and microorganism in bus passengers will trigger an inflammatory response by increase TNF- α levels and dysfunction of nasal mucociliary clearance. Therefore, further studies are needed on the examination of TNF-α levels and nasal mucociliary transport time in passengers on Biosmart and safe buses and regular buses.
Aim: Analyzing differences in TNF-α levels and Nasal Mucociliary Clearence time (NMC) between passengers of Biosmart and Safe and Regular Buses before and after the trip.
Method: Quantitative research using quasi-experimental research design with pre-test and post-test randomize control trial approach. Subjects were divided into two groups namely, the control group (regular bus passengers) and the treatment group (biosmart and safe bus passengers) (n = 86, each group n = 43). Both groups were examined for TNF-α level and nasal mucociliary clearance, before and after treatment.
Result: Based on the analysis, the mean value of pre-test in NMC time for control group was 14.88 ± 6.34, post-test 17.79 ± 5.99. Pre-test for treatment group was 13.79 ± 4.88 and post-test 15.51 ± 6.25. There was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test of NMC time between control and treatment group (P = 0.321). The mean value in TNF-α of control group pre-test was 26,63 ± 5,55 and post-test was 62,86 ± 5,28. The mean value of the pre-test in the treatment group was 25,53 ± 9,34 and the post-test was 62,45 ± 4,83. Data analysis of TNF-α pre, TNF- α post and TNF- α differences showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups (P = 0,139, P = 0.708, P = 0.362).
Conclusion: There are statistically significant differences increase TNF-α levels of Biosmart and Safe Bus dan Regular Bus passengers after the trip. There is a statistically significant difference nasal mucociliary transport time of regular bus passengers after the trip and there is no significant difference nasal mucociliary transport time on the Biosmart and Safe Bus passengers after the trip.
- Copyright
- © 2023 The Author(s)
- Open Access
- Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
Cite this article
TY - CONF AU - Saras Pujowati AU - Awal Prasetyo AU - Udadi Sadhana AU - Agus Subagio AU - Susilo Adi Widyanto AU - Arlita Leniseptaria Antari AU - Stefan Arman AU - Anthony Sevan Hambali AU - Soerjanto Tjahjono AU - Liftia layyinatus Syifa AU - Ai Devi Nuraeni AU - Muflihatul Muniroh AU - Neni susilaningsih PY - 2023 DA - 2023/04/19 TI - Analysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels and Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Time between “Biosmart and Safe Bus” and Regular Bus Passengers BT - Proceedings of the 1st Lawang Sewu International Symposium 2022 on Health Sciences (LSISHS 2022) PB - Atlantis Press SP - 110 EP - 122 SN - 2468-5739 UR - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-132-6_14 DO - 10.2991/978-94-6463-132-6_14 ID - Pujowati2023 ER -